A Charge/Discharge Plan for Electric Vehicles in an Intelligent Parking Lot Considering Destructive Random Decisions, and V2G and V2V Energy Transfer Modes

The random decisions of electric vehicle (EV) drivers, together with the vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) energy transfer modes, make scheduling for an intelligent parking lot (IPL) more complex; thus, they have not been considered simultaneously during IPL planning in other studies. To fill this gap, paper presents a complete optimal schedule which all above-mentioned items are simultaneously. Additionally, using objective function—including charging/discharging rates prices, penalties, discounts, reward sets—increases profits EV owners. In addition, peak times, demand from distribution system is decreased. performance proposed validated by comparing three different scenarios numerical simulations. results confirm that algorithm can improve IPL’s benefits up to USD 1000 2500 compared cases do consider V2V V2G respectively.